This dissertation is based on comparable level of living studies from Norway and Estonia. Theoretical definitions of poverty and social exclusion are discussed and several indicators are employed in the empirical analyses of the relationship between poverty, material hardship and social exclusion. Four different forms of social exclusion are explored: exclusion from citizenship rights, exclusion from the labour market, exclusion from social arenas and personal networks, and exclusion from civil society..Avhandling (dr. polit.) - Universitetet i Oslo, 2006
334 s., utgitt av Department of Sociology and Human Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo i 2006.